19 Kosakata Bangun Ruang dalam Bahasa Inggris

Consecutive Interpreting

Russell in Benjamins (2005), “Consecutive interpretation is defined as the process of interpreting after the speaker or signer has completed one or more ideas in the source language and pauses while the interpreter transmits that information.”

Weber (1984) in Gonzales, dkk (2012), “CI is used in conferences whenever a high degree of accuracy is required, and “when participants in a meeting find it useful to have additional time for reflection during interpretation””

Corporate Diversity Team states “Consecutive Interpreting (most likely to be used in Herefordshire public services). The interpreter waits until you have completed a segment of speech and then interprets while you pause and your client listens.”

Seleskovitch (1978) in Jaradat (2010), “Consecutive interpretation as follows: In consecutive interpretation the interpreter does not start speaking until the original speaker has stopped. ... has time to analyze the message as a whole, which makes it easier for him to understand its meaning. ... he is there in the room, and that the speaker has stopped talking before he begins...”

“Consecutive interpretation: training in consecutive interpreting skills includes a variety of exercises, consecutive interpretation without notes, summarisation, sight translation

and note- taking techniques, and cover texts from a diverse range of subject areas, written in a variety of styles and registers.” (Agata Opara, 2011:193)

Wieser & Keßler Gb state “... the interpreter translates whole sections of the speech with a time lag using notes (a special form of notation) after the original speaker has spoken. The number of consecutive interpreters required depends on the level of difficulty and the duration of the engagement.”

Whispering Interpreting

“Whispering” is another type of simultaneous interpretation, but one for which no technical equipment is required. The interpreter translates a statement while the speaker continues to speak. To do it, the interpreter must be close to the listener's ear, and use a low, regular

tone (“sotto voce”). (INTERPRETING IN A REFUGEE CONTEXT (RLD 3), 1993)

Cathy Jackson states, “Whispering Interpreting, the less formal method is used when the meeting is taking place in one language (English, for example) and one or two delegates speak a different language. The interpreter sits beside the delegate and whispers the interpretation to him/her during the meeting.”

References:

http://www.medev.ac.uk/docs/cathy_jackson_consulting_interpretor/CJackson_Consulting_0605.pdf http://www.justicewomen.com/help_interpreter.html

“Whispered interpreting (also chuchotage) is a subcategory of simultaneous interpreting

whispered into the listener’s ear for which no specialised equipment is required.” (Costa, 2014: 27).Technology-Assisted Interpreting

“Whispered interpreting is done by one interpreter for another individual to whom the translation is repeated in a whisper.” (Reynoso, 2006:10)

REFERENCE

Costa, H., Pastor, G. C., & Muñoz, I. D. (2014). Technology-assisted interpreting. Multilingual Translation Technology. April/May, 2014. 27-50.

Gonzales, Roseann Duenas. (2012). Fundamentals of Court Interpretation: Theory, Policy, and Practice. Durham: Carolina Academic Press.

UNHCR. (1993). Interpreting In A Refugee Context (RLD 3).June 1993.

Jaradat, Samah. (2010). Culture In Simultaneous Interpreting Of Political Discourse: Obama’s Speech In Cairo. Thesis: American University of Sharjah.

Reynoso, Monica D. 2006. What is translation? what is interpretation? what is the difference between them?. Translation And Interpretation: An intercultural communication profession. January 2006.

Russell, Debra (2005). Consecutive and simultaneous interpreting. Topics in Signed Language Interpreting. 2005. 135-164. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.